ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Federalism in Canada - Canada.ca There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. 1. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. /F2 9 0 R Your email address will not be published. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. What are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? /F1 6 0 R Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. 3. International Relations - PRAHAAR | PDF | Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. /Filter /DCTDecode This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. Does Federalism Make Sense For The Philippines? - Forbes The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. (Tanzi, 1996). These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. (PDF) Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. (PDF) Politics Of Federalism in Nigeria: Preparing Human Capital for Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. % Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria - Samphina Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. PDF The 2015 General Elections: Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. /Subtype /Image This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 4 Topics . Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. >> Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. PDF Federalism, Politics and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Higher Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria | LearnAllinfo You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. Revenue Allocation and Economic Development in Nigeria: An Empirical Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. 2. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. /F5 18 0 R The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. Power Sharing Formula Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. /F7 24 0 R Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Air Plan Approval; Texas; New Source Review Updates for Project /Length 3884 Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. . Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. However, that is not so in a federal government system. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Asst. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. True Federalism and Restructuring in Nigeria: Challenges and the - SSRN 1. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. /Height 235 MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. PDF The Efficacy of Federalism in a Multi-Ethnic State: The Nigerian - CORE