/Parent 163 0 R ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$H Y`9.m>1T8u`i=S(oVgNA. -in%c+D>iBkL-=%k5uW]co8Vuc++cSRs.N@LFt[. 0Z-NsPuDF/UDaK-#uV!6T0cBkl=(*.Qt/[X#"VK(;a]M]]iY9;1i$qoGrrcqLrJLd -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? >> >> 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d :M&FCJo&aj&c [18] Also, the rare cases of // occurring are not represented. %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 /H /I /A 37 0 R DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 Also, it was not an alphabetic system, since one sign could represent a combination @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 [17] This was partly because some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France. 2 0 obj >n(cf>+*"SO#aEFK`-)ujTPf^R*^4j;dhMYF5"ns!&Cs^\53ErAeEJFV*oU[j;KgGuUeUWr *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. 26 0 obj 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? ?bcU8G5Ll^Mlr\$7fW#)++M(1n.L+,pl#/>3WAF:l0$[qk9oVU"P=C&fWl4. endobj > The Copts are most numerous in the middle Nile valley governorates of Asy, Al-Miny, and Qin. The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language have remained substantially unchanged since the 7th century, but in other ways it has transformed in recent centuries. 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n There is evidence of Bohairic having a phonemic glottal stop: In other dialects, the graphemes are used only for clusters of a stop followed by, The language may have survived in isolated pockets in. << ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? #fVnW^31e&*GRM5:oifZJ@m,? /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 << FFF+bn+CoW._LT7R;M&/+!jq?q$u]8_om#]n6*'""OgI"_9rfPOcG`h2OX@\F!\*QhLeD,6;>P3WbQC^e'4k\Gm*k=4[J! g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA endobj Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU Logographic signs represent words, and phonetic signs represent one to three consonants (vowels not being of concern). `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J T`.$i61U:K&h>"Y9J-_c=feQK2eMC('8Qr#Ru:/Q=UCPiOPL[phnnYVho;5s67lM' .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. 11 0 obj /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! `")*AH,o7pi:&u4$8#\/M^l7:$o,7_B+%\Ygr.Al`oN4U`XYE[JK6=Q- 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. /S /URI ^oq. ?l25>j; @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# O5Fm+XFW,E 19 0 obj 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> The nearest Egyptian oasis, Bahariyya, is some 350 km east of Siwa. $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: Between other consonants, // is then inserted. fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== O5Fm+XFW,E O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r About 30,000 Egyptian Berbers living in the Siwa oasis and its surroundings speak Siwi language,[10] which is a variety of the Berber language of North Africa. << j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 !Q'6 K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? By the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period, /z/ and /s/ had merged, and the graphemes s and z are used interchangeably. On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 . r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, $eZ$n?>/sJ+W! The Egyptian language was an Afroasiatic language that was spoken in Ancient Egypt. "l@p_=3^ :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ OI,"drnD%V? 5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. /Subtype /Link /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) 15 0 obj =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) << &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC ='0Wtb\bW5[. )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q 11317 -[%WcHEkRJ@:8hg"%%4UH4ONEH5".eF:F3O5s55@G!.k@[R^^QZZbUm. Late Egyptian was also the language of the New Kingdom administration.[7][31]. @(in*: dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. << C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ :tD#uC:#C#. l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL /SA true /A 39 0 R ZF.U^HnTj30J.X^heUY\_? >> ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe *S,M7kP?5co:YVo:1DBc#fK?_qq!B$uJ(0Fj)0f@"^RJkg[We`,-Gl&8'Dp7/4Yf [8] Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a 3DV=?? Official language. endobj -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs [55] An etymological */u/ > */e/ often surfaces as /i/ next to /r/ and after etymological pharyngeals: hir < */ur/ 'street' (Semitic loan). About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. Weeks earlier, Roumie was greeted . There is also an important press in the English language in the country, comprising several weeklies and a daily newspaper, The Daily News Egypt. /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used, but it often bears little resemblance to what is known of how Egyptian was pronounced. 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= @)!X*d3otCP )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ /SM 0.01998 lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 /Type /Annot /Border [ 0 0 0 ] Ej4[fV>I6],"b%!o=Teo$lj$I#m?a_`:$(3GA+3qDD3P,iTMlLQ"dr_Pj=gCme\[^ po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> \$DM-@%-*RGg[/q2E!cb5lM#i.S48K&KNrT"`0)lbX-_G@i+GpTK#0++KDIr)L\DWH#@?0$74VZM_6F#! >> The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). 4:27). >> According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels: */upiraw/ > */upraw/ 'transformation'.[56]. Arabic was introduced to Egypt under the Arab occupation. [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). [39], Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and nearly all Egyptian Muslims adhere to its Sunni branch. >> page 16 of the book GRAMMATICAL CONTACT IN THE SAHARA: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa, August 2010, by: Lameen Souag. +#h2rn=geX7L The sibilants s and are straightforward. .4j"Nlk)MTInX 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg endobj Genitival constructions are of two types in all phases of Egyptian: noun with reduced stress bound to the possessor or noun plus the genitival adjective n(y) of followed by the possessor. [ Bryson at. fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. ='0Wtb\bW5[. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river's annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? @C+lKA^s6G([Fi.&HmMf# O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. << gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded; the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach; or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an allogenetic rather than a genetic group of languages. 6`>*S:WGQ&X]FjMc56Jk",rL Ancient Egyptian is considered to be a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, meaning that ancient Egyptian has . ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r [40] Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. 9,+G*!;KL. Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services.. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East . << ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t The writing system was both logographic and phonetic. Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc ONP,UD`LRtl0WDEl2&P'ml%`_6./3]3"h$j)he\U45Z)k!ijREbE;. 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH However, because vowels and sometimes glides are not written in any Egyptian script except Coptic, it can be difficult to reconstruct the actual forms of words. These language periods refer to the written language only, which often differed greatly from the spoken dialects. >> Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph. :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. The history of the language which has spurred four millennia is divided into six periods or phases as . ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J 25 0 obj a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] [36], Egyptian scholar Gamal Mokhtar argued that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs [which] are essentially African" and in "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic, hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality" although he acknowledged the geographical location of Egypt made it a receptacle for many influences. endobj The Coptic language, the only extant descendant of Egyptian, is today the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. << Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" ;C$s#@2 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? [33] It survived into the medieval period. Siwi Berber is well mutually intelligible with neighbouring Libyan Berber dialects.[11]. LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB [12] It is known to be used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts which were made accessible to the modern world following the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century. 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. /Type /Annot :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R >> :W41m0sp`t#6n=d8naB8Ze8H93j!W2e-VB86#MZn7=kU(2[bi9n9bDn9F1I4,e)c^ It certainly has a strong connection with one of those two groups; the Semitic languages . :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N So although twt-n-mn is pronounced /tutnkmn/ in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *[twat an aman],[57][58][59][60][61][62] transliterable as twt-nkh-amn. Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$
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